The Self_teacher of Japan language. Lesson 6

Verbs.

Lesson 6

Translated from Russian by Evgeny Bazyak

Verb in the Japanese language is the most changeable part of a sentence. The basic grammatic loading lays on a verb while forming the sense of the sentence.

First of all it is necessary to realize and understand any verb in its neutral - polite, and the colloquial form.
All verbs in the neutral - polite form come to an end with a suffix
"MAS'".

Colloquial form
is used
in conversation
of men equal in
their social status
or informal conditions,
in family
and so forth.

yomu yomimas'

To read, I read, reads, we shall read...

kaku kakimas'

To write, I write, writes, we shall write...

miru mimas'

To see, I see, sees, we shall look...

hanasu hanashimas'

To speak, I speak, speaks, we shall speak

Neutrally - polite style in the Japanese language is used to maintain polite conversation and in official conditions.

Pay attention! The verbs shown in this way can mean both the present and future. Also, they may refer to several persons, a person, female or male.

The choice of the translation depends on a semantic context.

The Verbs in the neutral - polite form must not be translated in the form of the infinitive
(to go, to look...)
kakimas (... , I write, we write, writes, I shall write, (he, she) will write);
kaku to write, I write, we write, writes, I shall write, (he, she) will write);

Exercise 1

Analyse the pronunciation of the new words and memorize them.

The colon here marks a longitude of a sound.

iMAS' (iRU) aRIMAs' (Aru)

yoMIMAs' (YOmu) kaKIMAs' (KAku)

miMAs' (MIru) haNASHIMAs' (haNAs')

eIGA (cinema) teGAMI (letter)

shiMBUN (newspaper) TErebi (TV-set)

oMOSHIROi (interesting) kiNO: (yesterday)

toSHOkan (library) aSHITA (tomorrow)

Times of verbs. Negative form.
(The verbs "DES'" and "KAKIMAS'" are used as examples)

Time Negative form

Present des' dewa aRIMASEN

Past DEshita dewa aRIMASEN deshita

Present kaKIMAs' kaKIMASEN

Past kaKIMASHita kaKIMASENdeshita

Pay attention! In the Japanese language the form of the present time of a verb can simultaneously express the future time.

kino: doko ni imashita ka.
ie ni imashita.
hon-o yomimashita ka.
hai, hon-o yomimashita.
omoshiroi hon-o yomimashita ka.
hai, omoshiroi hon-o yomimashita.

Where were you yesterday?
I was at home.
Did you read books?
Yes, I read a book.
Was the book you read interesting?
Yes, I read an interesting book.

Particle
"Î" puts previous word into an accusative case .
"Whom?", "What?"
For the sake of convenience of perception a particle "Î"
we shall write with a hyphen.

"kino: no
"yesterdays".
Already known to you way of expression of a belonging.
"anata no"
"yours",
"dare no"
"whos",
"kino: no"
"yesterdays".

anata wa kino: ie ni imashita ka.
iie, ie ni imasen deshita.
doko ni imashita ka.
toshokan ni imashita.
nani-o yomimashita ka.
kino: no shimbun-o yomimashita.
eiga-o mimashita ka.
iie, eiga-o mimasen deshita.

Were you at home yesterday?
No, I was not.
And where were you?
In the library.
What did you read?
I read yesterday's newspapers.
Were you at the cinema?
No, I wasn't.

Exercise 2

Read the sentences and translate them into Engish.

Particle
"MO"
"ALSO"
supersedes a particle of an accusative case "O".

Kino: anata wa sensei no ie ni imashita ka.
Iie, imasen deshita. Tanaka san wa imashita ka.
Hai, Tanaka san wa sensei no ie ni imashita.
So: des ka (Is that so?). Tanaka san no kuruma wa koko ni arimashita.
* * *
Ashita terebi-o mimas ka.
Iie, mimasen. Ashita tegami-o kakimas.
Hon mo yomimasen ka.
Hai, yomimasen.

For a self-check
outline with the cursor
the contents inside the frame.

You yesterday were at the teacher's home?
No, I was not. And mister Tanaka was?
Yes, mister Tanaka was at the teacher's home.
Ah so! Mister Tanaka's car was here.
* * *
Will You watch TV tomorrow?
No, I shall not. I shall write letters tomorrow.
Won't (you) read the book either?
(No), I shall not.